Fungal nail infections, or onychomycosis, are common but stubborn conditions that affect toenails and fingernails. They cause nails to become discoloured, thick, and brittle. Left untreated, the infection can spread and become harder to manage.

What Causes a Fungal Nail Infection?

Fungal nail infections occur when fungi, such as dermatophytes, yeasts, or moulds, invade the nail. They thrive in warm, damp environments, such as inside shoes or public swimming pools.

Risk Factors

  • Walking barefoot in public places (swimming pools, gyms, showers)
  • Wearing tight, non-breathable shoes
  • Having athlete’s foot (which can spread to the nails)
  • A weakened immune system or diabetes
  • Nail trauma or damage

According to the British Association of Dermatologists (BAD), fungal infections can also cause discomfort and lead to bacterial infections if left untreated.

How to Treat a Fungal Nail Infection

1. Antifungal Nail Treatments (Over-the-Counter & Prescription)

Topical Treatments

For mild infections, antifungal lacquers like amorolfine or ciclopirox can help. These treatments need to be applied regularly for 6-12 months.

Expert Insight: The NHS states that topical treatments work best for early-stage infections but may not penetrate deep infections.

Oral Antifungal Medication

For severe infections, doctors may prescribe:

  • Terbinafine – taken daily for 6-12 weeks
  • Itraconazole – taken in short courses

Expert Insight: According to NICE, oral antifungal medication is more effective but can cause side effects.

2. Nail Softening Kits

For thick nails, urea-based nail softening kits help remove the infected nail, allowing antifungal treatments to work better.

3. Laser Treatment for Fungal Nails

Laser therapy uses heat to destroy fungal spores. It’s non-invasive but requires multiple sessions and can be expensive.

Expert Opinion: The Royal College of Podiatry states that laser treatment can be effective, but more research is needed.

4. Home Remedies – Do They Work?

Home remedies like tea tree oil, vinegar soaks, and baking soda may help slow fungal growth but are not proven cures.

Expert Advice: The NHS states that home remedies should not replace medical treatment for persistent infections.

Cutting Fungal Nail with Nippers

How to Prevent Fungal Nail Infections

  • Keep feet clean and dry
  • Wear breathable socks and shoes
  • Avoid walking barefoot in public showers or pools
  • Use antifungal sprays or powders if prone to infections
  • Do not share nail clippers or foot care tools

When to See a Doctor

Seek medical advice if:

  • The infection is spreading or worsening
  • The nail is painful, thickened, or deformed
  • You have diabetes or a weakened immune system
  • Over-the-counter treatments haven’t worked after several months